IG MATH-TOPIC 3: Sequences, surds, and sets
SEQUENCES Menu CHOOSE ANOTHER TOPIC MAIN PAGE Unit 1:Number 2: Fractions, percentages, and standard form 3: Sequences, surds, and sets 4: Understanding measurement 5: Making Sense of Algebra 6: Equations, Factors & Formulae 7: Straight line graphs and Quadratic Equations 8: Lines, Angles & Shapes IGCSE MATH-PAST PAPERS & REVISION TESTS SEQUENCES EXAMPLES.pdf PRACTICE SEQUENCES 1 HARD.pdfSEQUENCES 1 HARD-markScheme (1).pdf QUADRATIC SEQUENCES example sequences.pdf Pick a Topic Menu Unit 1: Number IG MATH-TOPIC1-NUMBER IG MATH-TOPIC 2: Fractions, percentages, and standard form IG MATH-TOPIC 3: Sequences, surds, and sets Unit 2:Algebra and graphs IG MATH-TOPIC 5: Making Sense of Algebra IG MATH-TOPIC 6: Equations, Factors & Formulae Unit 3:Coordinate geometry TOPIC 7: Straight line graphs and Quadratic Equations Unit 4:Geometry TOPIC 8: Lines, Angles & Shapes Unit 5:Mensuration CAIE IGCSE MATH-UNIT 5 MENSURATION IG MATH-TOPIC 4: Understanding measurement
IG MATH-TOPIC 4: Understanding measurement
MEASUREMENT Menu CHOOSE ANOTHER TOPIC MAIN PAGE Unit 1:Number 2: Fractions, percentages, and standard form 3: Sequences, surds, and sets 4: Understanding measurement 5: Making Sense of Algebra 6: Equations, Factors & Formulae 7: Straight line graphs and Quadratic Equations 8: Lines, Angles & Shapes IGCSE MATH-PAST PAPERS & REVISION TESTS Bounds BOUNDS WORKED EXAMPLES.pdf https://youtu.be/H4L35GSdqmwhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H_4kYZK1SF4&pp=ygU_dXBwZXIgYW5kIGxvd2VyIGJvdW5kcyBpbiBzdW1zLGRpZmZlcmVuY2UscHJvZHVjdCBhbmQgcXVvdGllbnRzhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IRLYK-PRW1s&pp=ygU_dXBwZXIgYW5kIGxvd2VyIGJvdW5kcyBpbiBzdW1zLGRpZmZlcmVuY2UscHJvZHVjdCBhbmQgcXVvdGllbnRz PRACTICE Bounds 1.pdfBounds 1-markScheme.pdfBounds 2.pdfBounds 2-markScheme.pdf Pick a Topic Menu Unit 1: Number IG MATH-TOPIC1-NUMBER IG MATH-TOPIC 2: Fractions, percentages, and standard form IG MATH-TOPIC 3: Sequences, surds, and sets Unit 2:Algebra and graphs IG MATH-TOPIC 5: Making Sense of Algebra IG MATH-TOPIC 6: Equations, Factors & Formulae Unit 3:Coordinate geometry TOPIC 7: Straight line graphs and Quadratic Equations Unit 4:Geometry TOPIC 8: Lines, Angles & Shapes Unit 5:Mensuration CAIE IGCSE MATH-UNIT 5 MENSURATION IG MATH-TOPIC 4: Understanding measurement
Year 13 Physics-TOPIC 20-MAGNETIC FIELDS 2024/2025
Topic 20 : Magnetic Fields Menu CHANGE TOPIC PHYSICS START PAGE TOPIC 14: TEMPERATURE TOPIC 15-16 : IDEAL GASES & THERMODYNAMICS TOPIC 18-ELECTRIC FIELDS TOPIC 19-CAPACITANCE TOPIC 20-MAGNETIC FIELDS NOTES TOPIC 20 MAGNETIC FIELDS.pdf PRACTISE TOPIC 20 MAGNETIC FIELDS -WORKSHEET 1.pdfTOPIC 20 MAGNETIC FIELDS -WORKSHEET 1-scheme.pdfTOPIC 20 MAGNETIC FIELDS -WORKSHEET 2.pdfTOPIC 20 MAGNETIC FIELDS -WORKSHEET 2-scheme.pdfTOPIC 20 MAGNETIC FIELDS -WORKSHEET 3.pdfTOPIC 20 MAGNETIC FIELDS -WORKSHEET 3-scheme.pdfTOPIC 20 MAGNETIC FIELDS -WORKSHEET 4.pdfTOPIC 20 MAGNETIC FIELDS -WORKSHEET 4-SCHEME.pdf EXTRAS
Year 13 Physics-TOPIC 19-CAPACITANCE 2024/2025
Topic 19 : Capacitance Menu CHANGE TOPIC PHYSICS START PAGE TOPIC 14: TEMPERATURE TOPIC 15-16 : IDEAL GASES & THERMODYNAMICS TOPIC 18-ELECTRIC FIELDS TOPIC 19-CAPACITANCE NOTES CAPACITANCE.pptxCAPACITANCE.pdf PRACTISE TOPIC 19-CAPACITANCE-WORKSHEET 1.pdfTOPIC 19-CAPACITANCE-WORKSHEET 1- MARK SCHEME.pdf EXTRAS TYPES OF CAPACITORS.pdfDeriving the exponential equations.pdf
Year 13 Physics-TOPIC 18-ELECTRIC FIELDS 2024/2025 Academic Year, CAIE
Topic 18 : Electric Fields Menu CHANGE TOPIC PHYSICS START PAGE TOPIC 14: TEMPERATURE TOPIC 15-16 : IDEAL GASES & THERMODYNAMICS TOPIC 18-ELECTRIC FIELDS TOPIC 19-CAPACITANCE NOTES ELECTRIC FIELDS.pdf PRACTISE TOPIC 18-ELECTRIC FIELDS WORK SHEET 1.pdfTOPIC 18-ELECTRIC FIELDS WORK SHEET 1-SCHEME.pdfTOPIC 18-ELECTRIC FIELDS WORK SHEET 2.pdfTOPIC 18-ELECTRIC FIELDS WORK SHEET 2-SCHEME.pdfTOPIC 18-ELECTRIC FIELDS WORK SHEET 3.pdfTOPIC 18-ELECTRIC FIELDS WORK SHEET 3-SCHEME.pdfTOPIC 18-ELECTRIC FIELDS WORK SHEET 4.pdfTOPIC 18-ELECTRIC FIELDS WORK SHEET 4-SCHEME.pdf EXTRAS
Year 12 -13 IAL JAN 2025 MECHANICS 1
Click on a topic button to proceed IAL MECHANICS 1 M1 In Edexcel Mechanics 1 (M1), various assumptions are made in order to simplify the mathematical models and calculations in mechanics problems. These assumptions allow for the application of idealized laws and principles. Below are some of the key assumptions commonly encountered: 1. Particles Assumption: Objects are modeled as particles. Implication: The object’s size is negligible, so its rotation, shape, and internal structure are ignored. All the mass of the object is considered to be concentrated at a single point, which simplifies the analysis of motion and forces. 2. Rods Assumption: Objects such as beams or bars are modeled as rods. Implication: A rod is assumed to be one-dimensional (has length but no width or depth) and rigid, meaning it cannot bend or stretch. This allows for simpler force analysis without considering deformation. 3. Smooth Surfaces Assumption: Surfaces in contact are smooth. Implication: There is no friction between the object and the surface, which eliminates the need to account for frictional forces in calculations. 4. Rough Surfaces Assumption: When a surface is described as rough, friction is present. Implication: Frictional forces need to be considered, usually modeled using the coefficient of friction, μ, and calculated with the formula F=μR, where R is the normal reaction force. 5. Light Objects Assumption: Objects such as strings or pulleys are often assumed to be light. Implication: The object’s mass is considered negligible, so it does not affect the system’s dynamics. For example, the tension in a light string is the same throughout its length. 6. Inextensible Strings Assumption: Strings are inextensible. Implication: The string does not stretch, meaning the objects connected by the string move with the same speed and acceleration. This assumption simplifies the analysis of systems involving pulleys and connected particles. 7. Smooth Pulleys Assumption: Pulleys are often considered smooth. Implication: There is no friction in the pulley, meaning the tension in the string remains constant on both sides of the pulley. 8. Uniform Gravitational Field Assumption: Gravity is constant and acts vertically downward with acceleration g=9.8 m/s2g = 9.8 , text{m/s}^2g=9.8m/s2. Implication: The weight of an object can be calculated as W=mgW = mgW=mg, where mmm is the mass of the object and ggg is the acceleration due to gravity. 9. Neglecting Air Resistance Assumption: Air resistance is often ignored in many mechanics problems. Implication: This simplifies motion analysis, as no drag forces are considered, and objects are treated as moving freely under the influence of gravity or other forces. 10. Rigid Bodies Assumption: Objects that are not particles may be assumed to be rigid bodies. Implication: These objects do not deform under applied forces, which means that the distances between any two points on the object remain constant, allowing for simpler force and moment calculations. 11. Laminar Objects Assumption: Some objects are assumed to be laminar (thin and flat). Implication: The object has area but negligible thickness, which allows simplified calculations, especially in problems involving moments and centers of mass. These assumptions allow for the creation of idealized models, which makes the mathematical analysis more manageable. However, real-world scenarios may require adjustments or additional factors when these assumptions no longer hold. SUPPORT RESOURCES Modelling Assumptions Assumptions made· motion takes place in a straight line –· acceleration is constant· air resistance can be ignored· objects are modelled as masses concentrated at a single point (no rotation)· g is assumed to be 9.8m/s2 everywhere at or near the Earths surface
Year 12 -13 IAL JAN 2025
Click on a topic button to proceed IAL MECHANICS IAL MECHANICS 1 (M1) M1.1-Mathematical models in mechanics M1.2-Vectors in Mechanics M1.3-Kinematics of a particle moving in a straight line M1.4-Dynamics of a particle moving in a straight line or plane M1.5-Statics of a particle M1.6-Moments IAL MECHANICS 2 (M2) M2.1.Kinematics of a particle moving in a straight line or plane M2.2.centres of mass M2.3.Work and Energy M2.4.Collisions M2.5.Statics of rigid bodies IAL MECHANICS 3 (M3) M3.1.Further kinematics M3.2.Elastic strings and springs M3.3.Further dynamics M3.4.Motion in a circle M3.5.Statics of rigid bodies SUPPORT RESOURCES Why Should You Take Mechanics at A-Level? Imagine being able to predict the motion of a roller coaster , design safer cars , or even understand how astronauts move in space! That’s the power of Mechanics—it’s not just math, it’s the science of movement and forces that shape our world. Top Reasons to Choose Mechanics Unlock the Secrets of Motion!Ever wondered why footballs curve when kicked? Or how airplanes stay in the sky? Mechanics gives you the answers! Become a Problem-Solving Genius Mechanics trains your brain to think logically and break down tough problems—skills that are useful in any career! Boost Your Other Subjects Physics: Helps with Newton’s Laws, energy, and motion. Maths: Strengthens your understanding of calculus, vectors, and algebra. Stand Out for University & Careers Want to be an engineer, physicist, architect, or data scientist? Mechanics is a game-changer for these careers! See Science in Action Mechanics is everywhere—from how bridges stay up to how robots move . Learning it makes the world around you make sense! Is Mechanics for You? If you love asking “How does that work?” and enjoy solving real-world puzzles, Mechanics is your perfect match! Let’s make physics fun—are you ready?
Year 13 Physics-Ideal Gases and Thermodynamics 2024/2025 Academic Year, CAIE Copy
Topic 15-16 : Ideal Gases & Thermodynamics Menu CHANGE TOPIC YR 13 PHYSICS START PAGE TOPIC 12-MOTION IN A CIRCLE TOPIC 14-TEMPERATURE TOPIC 15-16-IDEAL GASES & THERMODYNAMICS TOPIC 18-ELECTRIC FIELDS TOPIC 19-CAPACITANCE TOPIC 20-MAGNETIC FIELDS TOPIC 21-ALTERNATING CURRENTS TOPIC 22-QUANTUM PHYSICS TOPIC 23-NUCLEAR PHYSICS TOPIC 24-MEDICAL PHYSICS NOTES YR13 TOPIC 15-16 IDEAL GASES & THERMODYNAMICS.pdfYR13 TOPIC 15-16 IDEAL GASES & THERMODYNAMICS.pptx https://youtu.be/yLoR__BFuRYhttps://youtu.be/Hd7OoTLBZDAhttps://youtu.be/_EWd0DuN43E PRACTISE IDEAL GASES-2023-2024.pdfIDEAL GASES-2023-2024-scheme.pdf EXTRAS THERMODYNAMIC PROCESSES.pdf https://youtu.be/Osq71Y82uachttps://youtu.be/F-dQBJcK0D0https://youtu.be/AsjLI3g9feU?list=PLX2gX-ftPVXVfoaIeiZcVZcHyeSpdkHKohttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O7HwhkYt6YU&t=267s&pp=ygUbZmlyc3QgbGF3IG9mIHRoZXJtb2R5bmFtaWNz
Year 13 Physics 2024/2025 Academic Year, CAIE
Click on a topic button to proceed YR13 PHYSICS TOPIC ASSESSMENTS Topic 12: Motion in a Circle Topic 13: Gravitational Fields Topic 14: Temperature Topic 15/16: Ideal Gases and Thermodynamics Topic 17: Oscillations Topic 18: Electric Fields Topic 19: Capacitance Topic 20: Magnetic Fields Topic 21: Alternating Currents Topic 22: Quantum Physics Topic 23: Nuclear Physics Topic 24: Medical Physics Topic 25: Astronomy & Cosmology Topic 26: Planning, Analysis and Evaluation SUPPORT RESOURCES TOPIC MAP YR 13 PHYC.pdfSYLLABUS-9702_y25-27_sy.pdfPHYSICS DATA AND GENERAL FORMULAE SHEET.pdf MOCK EXPECTATIONS TEST SPECIFICATION.pdfPHYSICS (9702) PAPER 4 & 5 CURRICULUM EXPECTATIONS .pdf MOCK PAPER 4 MS MOCK PAPER 5 MS PAST PAPERS 9702 PAST PAPERS
Year 13 Physics-Temperature 2024/2025 Academic Year, CAIE
Topic 14 : Temperature Menu CHANGE TOPIC YR 13 PHYSICS START PAGE TOPIC 12-MOTION IN A CIRCLE TOPIC 14-TEMPERATURE TOPIC 15-16-IDEAL GASES & THERMODYNAMICS TOPIC 18-ELECTRIC FIELDS TOPIC 19-CAPACITANCE TOPIC 20-MAGNETIC FIELDS TOPIC 21-ALTERNATING CURRENTS TOPIC 22-QUANTUM PHYSICS TOPIC 23-NUCLEAR PHYSICS TOPIC 24-MEDICAL PHYSICS NOTES YR13 TOPIC 14-TEMPERATURE.pdfYR13 TOPIC 14-TEMPERATURE.pptx PRACTISE Thermal Physics-temperature.pdfThermal Physics-temperature-ANSWERS.pdf Common Thermometres referenced in A level Physics Liquid in Glass Thermocouple Thermometer Resistance Thermometer (RTD) Gas Thermometer Digital Thermometer Infrared Thermometer Summary Liquid in Glass Liquid-in-Glass Thermometer Principle: Uses the thermal expansion of a liquid (usually mercury or alcohol) in response to temperature changes. Structure: Consists of a sealed glass tube with a bulb containing liquid. A scale is marked alongside the tube. Usage: Measures a wide range of temperatures but is limited by the properties of the liquid. Pros: Simple, cost-effective, and does not require external power. Cons: Not highly accurate due to non-linear expansion and environmental influences (e.g., atmospheric pressure). A liquid-in-glass thermometer does not directly measure thermodynamic temperature because it relies on the thermal expansion of a liquid, which is not perfectly linear and depends on material-specific properties. It is calibrated to arbitrary scales (e.g., Celsius) rather than fundamental thermodynamic principles, and external factors like pressure can affect its accuracy. Thermodynamic temperature is defined using fundamental constants and requires specialized instruments for precise measurement. However, it does not directly measure thermodynamic temperature for the following reasons: Calibration to Arbitrary Scales: Liquid-in-glass thermometers are typically calibrated against a specific temperature scale, such as Celsius or Fahrenheit, which are not based directly on thermodynamic principles. These scales rely on fixed points like the freezing and boiling points of water, which are influenced by atmospheric pressure and other conditions. Non-Ideal Thermal Expansion: The expansion of the liquid in the thermometer is not perfectly linear across all temperatures. While corrections are applied during calibration, the liquid’s thermal expansion is influenced by its material properties, which deviate from the ideal behavior described by thermodynamics. Dependence on Reference Materials: The thermometer relies on the physical properties of specific materials (e.g., the liquid and the glass). The properties of these materials, such as thermal expansion coefficients, are not universal and vary with temperature, making the measurement indirect. Thermodynamic Temperature Definition: Thermodynamic temperature is based on the principles of thermodynamics, specifically the kinetic energy of particles or the relationship between energy transfer and temperature. The Kelvin scale, the standard thermodynamic temperature scale, is defined using the triple point of water and the Boltzmann constant. Liquid-in-glass thermometers do not inherently measure temperature according to these fundamental definitions. Environmental Influences: External factors, such as atmospheric pressure, can influence the liquid’s behavior, leading to potential discrepancies between the thermometer reading and the actual thermodynamic temperature. To accurately measure thermodynamic temperature, devices such as gas thermometers or instruments based on the International Temperature Scale (ITS-90) are used, as they are designed to reflect the fundamental thermodynamic principles. Thermocouple Thermometer Thermocouple Thermometer Principle: Based on the thermoelectric effect, where a voltage is generated at the junction of two dissimilar metals when there is a temperature difference. Structure: Composed of two different metal wires joined at one end (the hot junction) with the other ends connected to a voltmeter. Usage: Measures rapid temperature changes and high temperature ranges. Suitable for measuring temperature differences. Pros: Fast response, wide temperature range, and durable. Cons: Requires calibration and produces a small voltage that may need amplification. Resistance Thermometer (RTD) Resistance Thermometer (RTD) Principle: Relies on the change in electrical resistance of a metal (commonly platinum) with temperature. Structure: A thin wire or film of metal forms the sensor, which is connected to a circuit for measuring resistance. Usage: High precision and stability for laboratory and industrial applications. Pros: Accurate and stable over a wide temperature range. Cons: Expensive and requires an external power source, takes time to reach correct temperature, has high thermal capacity. Gas Thermometer Gas Thermometer Principle: Measures temperature based on the pressure or volume change of a gas at constant volume or pressure, respectively. Structure: A sealed bulb containing gas connected to a pressure gauge. Usage: Used to establish the absolute temperature scale and determine absolute zero. Pros: Highly accurate, especially for thermodynamic temperature measurements. Cons: Bulky, slow response time, and not practical for routine use. Digital Thermometer Digital Thermometer Principle: Uses sensors such as thermistors, whose resistance changes significantly with temperature, to produce an electronic signal corresponding to the temperature. Structure: Contains a temperature sensor, electronic circuitry, and a digital display. Usage: Common in daily applications and laboratories for quick, accurate readings. Pros: Quick, easy to read, and portable. Cons: Requires a power source and may be less durable in harsh environments. Infrared Thermometer Infrared Thermometer Principle: Detects infrared radiation emitted by objects to calculate their surface temperature. Structure: Contains a lens to focus infrared light onto a detector, which converts it into an electrical signal. Usage: Non-contact temperature measurement, suitable for hazardous or inaccessible environments. Pros: Fast, safe, and ideal for moving or hot objects. Cons: Limited to surface temperatures and affected by emissivity and distance. Summary These thermometers provide diverse methods of temperature measurement, each suited to specific applications in physics and beyond.